For automotive application, the digitalization of HMI is accelerated, and multiple displays become to be equipped in car dashboard as a common device, and the picture quality of display is improving year by year similar as consumer market. As a human interface devices, the importance of displays become increasing. For upcoming Electric Vehicles, a reduction of power consumption of electrical components become more important. Because the number of installed displays in car is increasing Under these circumstances,the local dimming function is attracting attention as Ecosystem. In this paper, we report the activity for the improvement of the local dimming technology and present our goal.

Displays have become a major differentiation factor for car manufacturers. Using local-dimming displays is an effective way to achieve high contrast ratio and lower power consumption while maintaining reasonable cost and higher reliability compared to OLED or Micro LED displays. Currently, we are seeing over 65% of new RFQ requested local dimming either to enhance contrast, or save power especially important for electric vehicles. This presentation discusses a matrix local-dimming implementation using time division multiplexing (TDM) approach with daisy-chaining to support many LED zones for high end local dimming display. Alternative solution is to use direct drive approach to achieve lower power consumption as well providing boost mode and privacy mode. Detailed diagnostics implementation will be addressed to be ASIL B compliant. A 55" pillar to pillar solution with over 1000+ zones using matrix approach will be shown in this presentation.

One of the major challenges with local dimming displays is the occurrence of luminance uniformity issues, leading to visible artifacts and degradation in viewing experiences. Faurecia IRYStec developed a novel mitigation method that effectively addresses the luminance non-uniformity in local dimming displays, improving visual quality.
By leveraging adaptive zone control algorithms and content-aware dimming strategies, the correction algorithm identifies areas with luminance discrepancies and applies adjustments to achieve consistent luminance levels across the display. This approach minimizes the luminance differences on the display, significantly improving overall uniformity.
The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through comprehensive experimental results, comparing the display's performance before and after the correction. The evaluation shows a substantial reduction in luminance non-uniformity, with superior visual quality and a more enjoyable viewing experience.

Analysis of the point-spread function (PSF) yields the directional variations of scattered light with high resolution in the vicinity of the specular direction and now finally - at reduced but sufficient resolution - also at off-specular directions, thus providing a basis for determination of a set of complete in-plane BRD/BTD functions. This approach is applied to identification and separation of mirror, haze and Lambertian reflection components which then can be classified into such components that are forwarding visual information to the observer (i. e. visual signal) and disturbing reflections (i.e. visual noise).

In principle, all colorimeters need color calibration, because the color filters that are used to mimic the eye’s sensitivity to visible light will never perfectly match the theoretical CIE 1931 functions. Calibration to a standard light source improves measurement accuracy, but especially for most new and often immature display and lighting technologies, e.g. µLED and AR/VR does not provide adequate accuracy. For example, small variations in µLED current density, temperature and manufacturing tolerances will change the spectral properties and may render the colorimeters calibration invalid. Hence, measurement uncertainty increases. This can lead to erroneous pass/fail decisions in display and LED manufacturing.
Consequently, we developed a measurement device that adapts its calibration on-the-fly in accordance to the “live” spectral changes of the DUT.
We discuss experiments to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of this concept for displays, LEDs and µLED wafers.

When measuring the color and luminance of a display, it is important to know the accuracy of the device you are using. In the case of a spectrometer, this is usually sufficient. Unfortunately, for a colorimeter, the specification of the device is not enough to determine the accuracy of the measured color. There are two major contributors: the filter accuracy of the colorimeter and the spectral variation of your displays.
Colorimeters are most commonly calibrated to a display spectrum using a spectrometer. This will ensure that the colorimeter measures as the spectrometer does for that specific display spectrum. Spectral variation will cause deviations and therefore inaccuracies. The closer the spectral response of the colorimeter matches the CIE curves, the less impact the spectral variation of the measured displays will have on the accuracy of the measurement.
Measuring in 2D introduces an additional parameter: filter non-uniformity! Bad uniformity leads to staggeringly high errors.

In the dynamic realm of AR/VR head-mounted devices, the pursuit of affordability without compromising excellence remains paramount. Our presentation delves into a manufacturer's one-stop-shop strategy, designed to deliver an all-encompassing solution that harmonizes leading-edge technologies with cost-effectiveness.

We explore the strategies within the AR/VR ecosystem development, crafting customer-specific solutions that not only captivate with their capabilities but also seamlessly align with budget constraints, rendering them financially enticing to a broader audience.

Within this ecosystem showcase, we emphasize pivotal optical component groups, including illumination systems, imager solutions, and projection optics, optimizing these elements to achieve cost-performance ratio. We delve into the diverse spectrum of AR/VR use cases, spanning full video immersion, navigation, and low-power applications.

Microdisplays have been widely used in many applications including different types of near-to-eye optical systems. Especially in augmented reality applications there is always a challenge to optically overlay the virtual image to the real image. As CMOS based microdisplays were opaque so far this task needs to be handled by an optical system.
This fundamental paradigm will be changed by a new technology presented in that talk which enables semi-transparent microdisplays. Based on that the microdisplay becomes part of the optical system, e.g. by embedding it in glasses or optical systems directly. Based on existing optical concepts for AR systems two fundamental new optical concepts based on the new semi-transparent technology will be discussed and compared. The talk will be concluded by latest results from an optical AR module realized with the new semi-transparent microdisplay technology.

Visually impaired and blind people are increasingly impaired in an increasingly visual world. Access to key technologies in information technology is becoming increasingly difficult. To improve participation, there are now a variety of helpful technologies, both hardware and software-based.

ePaper displays are becoming increasingly common in people's lives. There are good reasons for this. The first reason is the very low power consumption. This low power consumption makes it possible for Electronic Shelf Labels to work on a battery, and for eReaders to last weeks on a single battery charge.
The electricity costs of digital outdoor signage with ePaper are tens of times lower than when LED screens are used. Good for our sustainability goals.
Another reason is performance in the sun. Emissive displays such as LCD, LED and OLED have difficulty combating the sun, while ePaper displays use the sun and have excellent readability in sunlight.
Interesting reflective technologies have been developed, some failed, others found a surprising new market, and E Ink’s electrophoretic displays have reached the mass market. Different technologies will be assessed, markets will be explored, and predictions will be made about what we can expect from ePaper displays in the future.

Outdoor displays for stationary and on-board passenger information systems must fulfil several requirements like good readability under different light conditions, long mean expected lifetime, high MTBF values, serviceability, ability to display dynamic and static content, ruggedness against temperature changes and vandalism.
This presentation gives an overview about latest development of reflective displays suitable for outdoor applications under hard environmental conditions. The pros and cons of TFT and ePaper technologies will be discussed as well as the specific requirements to the design like
- Frontlight design
- Ingress protection
- Protection against UV and high surface temperature
- Energy harvesting
- Solar powered operation
- Vandalism protection

Benefits of ePaper displays are among others very low to no power consumption and excellent optical properties. Therefore, ePaper displays are an excellent replacement for e.g. passenger information system in paper form. When it comes to units placed outdoors, requirements such as increased temperature range, UV resistance and illumination are challenging. This presentation focuses on these challenges and how they are addressed. The particular emphasis lies on the optical bonding of the frontlight for outdoor usage of ePapers.

This presentation will cover recent and future developments in automotive display design and technology and their impact on the industry.

With the BMW Vision DEE concept car, shown at the 2023 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, BMW has demonstrated its vision for future automotive digital customer experience. Central to the user experience are various display technologies which allow for an interaction of the customer with its car as a digital companion. This talk will dive into the technological challenges related with these concepts with a special focus on the advanced head-up display.

Technical requirements of Automotive display are increasingly iterated and updated. We promote the development of LCD with mini-LED, OLED, Micro-LED to meet the needs of various new products.
LCD is a non-emissive display which has light leakage issue in dark state. The LCD with mini-LED technology can be implemented to achieve higher dynamic contrast and lower power consumption. Thanks to the evolution of OLED materials and development of Tandem structure. Tianma positions OLED as high-end display products and novel 3D flexible applications. Due to excellent optical and RA performances of Micro-LED, Tianma plans to use it to fill the technology gaps of LCD+mini-LED and OLED, such as transparent window display.
Although there are many challenges have to be broken through for novel automotive display application. We look forward to cooperating together with upstream and downstream supply chains and continue bringing more and better products to customers and consumers in the near future.

In our tech-driven world, display devices are ubiquitous, but their Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is often overlooked. This lecture explores EMC radiation and immunity. Learn about radiation sources, impacts, and mitigation. Discover vulnerabilities in cables, panels, and touch sensors, with strategies to enhance EMC immunity. See practical examples of special requirements and possible solutions. Join us in exploring the fascinating world of EMC, where innovation and reliability ensure seamless digital experiences.

In the evolving world of electronics, Embedded Displays stand out as a testament to innovation. The high-resolution displays, powered by powerful modern microcontrollers, are designed to meet the intricate demands of modern engineers and designers. Beyond mere displays, they represent a holistic ecosystem, blending industrial-quality LCD-TFT screens with the prowess of STM32 microcontrollers. Their versatility spans across domains from advanced HMIs to smart home automation. Complemented by a suite of free software and libraries these displays are set to redefine embedded display technology. With Riverdi's commitment to modularity and quality, the Embedded Displays are not just products but a revolution in display technology.

Automotive Video Links (AVL) such as GMSL, FPD Link or Apix play a critical role in the development, qualification and integration process of automotive displays. Displays must be commissioned through the AVL to qualify the component, while the link itself is often at the center of integration issues for reliable display functionality. This requires the ability to determine link integrity, provide minimally invasive monitoring and recording of all signal traffic via RF couplers, and provide dedicated parameterizable commissioning of the display for functional qualification. We show how this triangle of requirements can be technically realized and provide an outlook on future tools for automation in this area.

Temporal dependence of Micro-LED arrays with size ranging 7-100 μm were studied. Under short pulse, 7 μm micro-LEDs exhibits very higher EQE as compared to DC operation condition. The efficiency reduction by sidewall defects in small micro-LED could be significantly reduced by applying short voltage pulse.

The Micro LED display, which places tens of micron square very precise LED chips onto the substrate, is expected to see wide adoption in various next generation displays. Applying the technology cultivated in our long experience in LCD display and semiconductor manufacturing, Toray Engineering has developed a series of technology for the manufacture of the Micro LED display. The company’s expertise is mobilized to propose total solutions for the realization of efficient, stable and trustable Micro LED display production process. In this presentation, our lates development status and technologies in visual inspection equipment that uses photo luminescence technology, our laser repair equipment, mass transfer (transfer bonding) equipment, and laser mass transfer equipment will be introduced. In addition, Toray Group’s material and the sample creation case studies using the equipment will be shared. We are committed to contribute to Micro LED true high production through our technology.

In this paper we illustrate the methods to measure subpixel luminance & chromaticity for correction (Demura) & Quality Control for MicroLED displays. This inorganic emissive technology offers many benefits over other display technologies including high brightness, contrast, wide colour gamut, longevity, and high pixel density, improving visual performance in various ambient-light conditions from total darkness to full daylight and from multiple viewing angles. Radiant Vision Systems' high-resolution tristimulus imaging colorimeter systems provide an efficient quality control solution to support production benchmarks for microLED displays. These systems rely on their colour filter method, calibrations, & subpixel measurement capabilities to ensure accurate data is captured at the pixel & subpixel level, thus enabling display correction that increases yields and safeguards manufacturing resources.

Increasing requirements in term of power consumption of the Backlight as well as the contrast of TFT-Displays, local dimming will be used almost exclusively in the mid- and high-end range for future TFT-display solutions in the automotive sector.
The local dimming approach promises a significant improvement in both of the before mentioned requirements, but also requires close consideration and analysis of the safety aspects.
The direct intervention in the pixel stream as well as the dynamic manipulation of the matrix LED Backlight entail risks that must be taken into account and therefore require mechanisms for error detection and correction in safety-relevant applications.

Automotive displays with Mini LED backlight require an ever-increasing number of local dimming zones. Together with the brightness range for global and local dimming can be challenging for the LED drivers. They must supply the suitable amount of energy in a most efficient way to each single LED. For displays with automotive safety requirements, additional functions need to be implemented for automotive operation.
One major challenge is the power and thermal specification. Another is to support display panels with higher pixel density and their ever-increasing size as well as new display formats with their shaped forms. The brightness decrease at the edges and the uniformity issues due to LED variability, need also to be addressed.
Two LED driver implementations will be discussed with the following points:
- Energy efficiency and better thermal performance
- Higher integration for higher scalability
- Automotive Safety functions and process
- Methods to improve visual performance

In the automotive industry, display sizes have steadily increased in recent years. Also the technical specifications are quite tough compared to industry or consumer grade. Luminance level, temperature ranges, power consumption, contrast ratio, black homogeneity and color saturation are only some points within the automotive specification, listed e.g. in the standardized "German OEM Spec". In parallel there is a high cost pressure on the 1st Tier side, which is constantly increasing. Especially for the traditional "integration suppliers" this is challenging due to the fact that more and more display manufacturers provide their product directly to the OEM. In this field of tension between cost, performance, supply chain, sustainability and quality, different display technologies have prevailed. Today we put a spotlight on the costs of an LCD with an edge-backlight, compared to an LCD with a matrix-backlight and to an AM-OLED.

Today, consumers expect all interactive screens to be touch-enabled. Touchscreen displays are an integral part of modern-day payment systems. Not only retail payment systems but EV chargers also need touchscreens to be integrated into the payment system for charger customers. From infotainment systems to operational sensors and mobile app integrations, automobiles have also become a modern technology hub. But with each connected innovation, the risk of security breach increases. Touch screens add additional security vulnerabilities in data communication.

Indeed, European Legislation now mandates the offering of credit/debit card transactions as a payment option for EV charging stations. When using the touchscreen for entering the pin code for credit card use, secure data communication from the touchscreen controller to the host system is mandatory to address the need for Payment Card Industry (PCI) compliance. This in turn drives the need for Touch controller solution with security.

Technical glass and requirement for HMI solution (indoor & outdoor)
- strengthened glasses
- coated glasses
- different surface technologies
- Filter & function

In automotive Interior HMI, most Displays are glass based. The trend clearly goes towards large displays with curved surfaces. Additionally, there is a trend towards more displays for different HMI applications, including extra displays for passenger and switch applications.
Besides premium cars, also high volume models have a demand to follow this trend with much higher cost pressure. Additionally, the displays and switches are more and more integrated into one decorative part instead of separate parts. It is important to understand how to support large high end displays, display solutions with decorative elements and combinations of displays and switches in price sensitive applications. Based on the experience of Elektrobit and PolyIC/KURZ, we present the main aspects of display HMI systems in automotive interior. We show implementations for crash safe glass and plastic lenses as well as sustainability aspects combined with latest display technologies like OLED and µLED.

Micro-LED technology will enable the next wave of direct-view and projection displays in multiple applications and markets. In this talk, the current status of technical advancements, remaining challenges in research and development of Micro-LEDs and the integration of the technology into display products are discussed.

Intensive research and development activities are being invested in MicroLED displays technology. Among applications like wearables, TV and smart phones, the automotive application is considered as the lead market. While market entry of MicroLEDs has been forecasted few times, several difficulties still exist. One of them is caused by a full range analog driving. Accuracy and power efficiency are lacking for LEDs, due to the IV curve of an LED. Therefore, a combined analog and digital driving method is proposed and evaluated. The test vehicle is a 360xRGBx480 microLED prototype panel. The image processing function for digital driving is coded in HDL and implemented on a Digilent Genesys 2 FPGA board. The TFT circuit of the active matrix is controlled by a high voltage PCB. The results will be analyzed and discussed.

Developing microLED processes compatible with the production of fine pitch displays of TV size is one of the main challenges to exceed their limitation to small screens such as found on microLED based smartwatches. The EU funded project “Building Active matrix MicroLED displays By Additive Manufacturing” (BAMBAM) develops unique manufacturing technologies for realizing fine pitch displays based on active microLED pixels which can be mass transferred. One of the key technologies is printing of electrical and optical structures with an Ultra Precise Deposition (UPD) technique. This paper presents first results of UPD printed Ag wires realizing the interconnections between pixel driver ICs and microLEDs. Therefore, the influence of different substrate types, such as Glass, PCB and flex PCB, on the printing processes were evaluated. Additionally, a sidewall insulation process by insulator printing was developed to enable Ag ink wire printing on chips with non-insulated sidewalls. The BAMBAM technology developments shall enable a renewal of the European display industry by removing the need for thin film transistor arrays for addressing large size, fine pitch microLED displays.

This paper highlights the significance of the Ambient Contrast Ratio (ACR) in evaluating the visibility of outdoor displays, showing a strong positive correlation between ACR of a display and its outdoor visibility. Through experimental data analysis, it is demonstrated that enhancing the brightness or reducing surface reflectance can effectively improve the ACR of displays. The writer introduces two technology solutions for the 3500nit high brightness outdoor display and the low reflection display, respectively. Additionally, this paper compares these two display technologies, and proposes the optimal display technology solution for different outdoor commercial display application scenarios: using high brightness display for highlight and strong visual impact requirements, and using low reflection display for low power consumption and simple cooling system requirements, both displays exhibit similar display effect under outdoor conditions.

Bosch is well known as a supplier of automotive components and electric tools. Meanwhile Bosch has also gained high public attention as a creator of electric drive components for bicycles. As control units get more and more complex, graphic displays are meanwhile standard for this application. This presentation talks about the specific challenges to the display component to survive under tough environmental conditions as well as the requirements to assure perfect usability.

The presentation shows the problem of readability of electronic displays under all environmental conditions - from darkness to direct sunlight. The focus is on small to medium-sized displays. They are often used in portable, battery-powered devices, so the power consumption of the backlight plays a significant role. Different technologies (TN, reflective and transflective TFT, MIP, OLED and ePaper) are presented and their function is explained. Strengths and weaknesses are discussed and compared.

The readability of display content under ambient light - specifically sunlight - is crucial for automotive displays. DIN EN ISO 15008 provides recommendations for readability and performance under ambient light and its testing conditions. In this work we introduce a luminance camera-based measurement method to check compliance according to ISO15008 requirements in a much more effective way than state-of-the-art goniometric measurements defined in SAE J1757.
Our method bases on a geometrically and photometrically calibrated conoscopic lens that has a teached-in position relative to the display surface and a precise control and correction of all illumination conditions. The procedure simplifies the testing-setup and helps to improve speed and flexibility when testing ambient light performance.

Readability of displays in the automotive outdoor environment

The readability of displays depends largely on the effective contrast of the display, which is significantly influenced by the brightness of the environment.
If self-illuminating displays based on LED matrices are used, the effective contrast of the display depends not only on the brightness of the active pixels, but also on the reflection properties of the display when it is switched off. The luminance of the display when it is switched off therefore results from the reflectance property and the illuminance in the plane of the display.
The paper deals with the determination of this effective reflectance property of outdoor displays and its practical photometric measurement. The transferability of existing measurement regulations from road and railway signalling is also demonstrated.

FALD (Full Area Local Dimming) LCDs are a hot topic in automotive displays due to OLED-like local contrast ratio at lower cost than OLED. However, there are three main topics which require attention: Halo of bright objects, uniformity of objects with a size in the range of a local dimming zone and peak luminance of small objects. The presentation and paper will summarize recent progress regarding measurement configurations and setup requirements for automotive evaluation. Measurement and algorithm results of our evaluations regarding halation in mask- and maskless configurations as well as uniformity and peak luminance of small symbols will be presented. The evaluations are based on several measurement series in different setups. Our final goal is a specification issued by the DFF (displayforum.org) which is both easy to understand, easy to measure and distinctive/decisive in its measurement results.

We will discuss latest developments in the field of microdisplays for AR type of applications. Emphasis is on the combination of high brightness, compact footprint, and ultra-low power consumption for all components, including data transmission, display driving, and OLED efficiency.

VR and AR are markets with different dynamics, correspond with different use cases and are addressed by different technologies. For instance, even if OLED-on-Si based micro-displays enable < 3,000 ppi in the Apple Vision Pro, making it the very reference as a device, the same technology won’t make it for AR lacking brightness. On the other hand, LCoS is still far ahead as a projection module and very to be embedded in the first mass volume smart-glasses in 2027 but is out of scope dealing with VR. Only microLED could make it in both but many challenges needs to be tackled regarding manufacturing, quantum efficiency of < 5 μm LEDs – particularly with red ones – and price will remain a strong standing barrier in VR. If as we expect, VR and AR markets will be growing with respectively 20% and 80% 22-28CAGR, this will be due to the addition of technological solutions turning good enough at more affordable price and the arrival of use-cases pulling their adoption.

AR/VR is one of the fastest growing markets for displays but it requires technological innovation. In VR and Mixed Reality, there has been a clear trend to increase pixel density. Apple and a few other brands have adopted OLED-on-Silicon, but devices based on advanced LCD remain more affordable without sacrificing too much on performance or image quality. For smart glasses with see-through waveguides, full color MicroLED is seen by many as the Holy Grail.

This presentation will summarize key findings from DSCC's latest report on AR/VR displays. I will discuss the strength of each technology and will show forecasts for both VR and see-through AR.

This presentation provides the definition of industrial display and the analysis on industrial display shipments and market outlook, as well as new innovation and opportunities.

Mark Zuckerberg and companies seem to think that smart glasses will one day replace smartphones. They are not alone, and it will happen at some point in the not-too-distant future. But for such a product to exist, we still face plenty of challenges both in hardware and software, especially in the HMI (Human Machine Interface) sensors that are required for smart glasses.

To truly support metaverse, human machine interface features required for a new generation of HMI-enabled electronics from the sensor capture to human receiver. It requires a series of vision and hearing sensor/interface technologies to coherently optimize for fast and low latency data transaction that is suitable for wearable and home metaverse devices.
In this talk, we will present GlobalFoundries® (GF®) advanced HMI solution to resolve the overall metaverse challenges.

The role of displays is changing. Instead of being just a purchased module to show information, displays are becoming the central interaction instrument between user and machine, for example in autonomous vehicles or in productivity-enhancing AR applications in engineering and construction. This offers great opportunities for European manufacturers - often already champions in their respective markets. At the same time, new challenges arise for European key industries like automotive, aerospace and manufacturing – but also for defense and other security purposes. Consequently, European institutions must react quickly on the moves of Asian and North American governments which already heavily subsidize these developments and foster the creation of new companies in the sector. In this talk we analyze the current strengths and weaknesses of the European industry and discuss possible strategies how to address this disruptive situation from the point of view of key European stakeholders.

This talk highlights how the aXiom product range can eliminate design complexity by bringing together capacitive touch, air gestures, force-sensing as well as haptics into a unique, highly configurable single-chip-solution. TouchNetix has introduced several ground-breaking application innovations using these features, which have relevance to many of today’s HMI requirements. These will be showcased during the presentation.

PowerHap is a novel piezoelectric concept for high-definition haptic feedback, characterized by outstanding performance in terms of acceleration, force, and response time. Unlike conventional haptic actuators, PowerHap can also provide stimulation across the entire haptic spectrum between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz, enabling personalized user experiences such as haptic buttons, sliders, and textures. Thanks to its small size, PowerHap is easy to integrate and requires little space.
Using two practical haptic display demonstrators promoted by next system and TDK - one for the industrial and one for the automotive market - we will explain the basic functions of piezo actuators and outline the do's and don'ts for a successful haptic display solution. Furthermore, we will introduce a ready-to-use haptic actuator module and a haptic-display starter kit for fast prototyping.

Human use their fingertips as the first approach for identifying or feeling a product. The sense of touch is fundamental to exploit the world. The resolution of the sensation of touch, contact pressure, temperature and vibration are essential factors of the tactile senses. In this paper, so-called “feel-good factor” or haptic study is conducted for the understanding of the combination of human psychology and material science. A combination of panel test and a series of high resolution, real-time, quantitative measurements has been performed to assess the tactile parameters on touchscreens.